So a written constitution can be produced and shown as a single document. written and unwritten constitution: A written constitution is one in which the fundamental principles concerning state administration are embodied and which has, as a specific document been passed by a specific body. According to them ”if the constitution cannot be produced in a visible document, it cannot be said to be a constitution at all.Ĭonstitutions are widely classified into two categories such as:ġ. According to Thomas paine and De Tocqueville-constitution means the aggregate of only those written principles which regulate the administration of the state. According to C.F Strong ”a constitution may be said to be a collection of principles according to which the power of the government, the right of the governed and the relation between the two are adjusted” Again, some have defined constitution in narrower sense. According to Gettel ”constitutional law locates sovereignty within the state and thus indicates the source of law”. According to Maitland” while constitutional law deals with structure and the broader rules which regulate the function, the details of the functions are left to administrative law”. It is that branch of public law which determines the nature of the state, nature and structure of the government and its power, function, division of power among different constitutional organs, their relationship to each other and above all the relationship between the state and the individuals. Bangladesh had already declared independence on March 26, but it was effectively born that day in December.Constitutional law actually forms the backbone of public law. Khan’s army surrendered to an Indian-Bangladeshi allied force on December 16, 1971. She had opened India’s doors to the refugees and intervened militarily to support Bangladesh, refusing to cave in to US pressure, which included sending the Seventh Fleet into the Bay of Bengal.
This was the high point of Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s career. I vividly remember catching the night train in Kolkata to return to college during a curfew, under orders to keep all the lights off in the compartment. I was then an undergraduate in Delhi and joined a team of students to work in the sprawling refugee camps that had sprung up in the Indian states of West Bengal and Odisha.įull-fledged aerial war with Pakistan broke out on December 2. With US President Richard Nixon standing firmly behind Pakistan as President Yahya Khan’s army tried to crush the independence movement by resorting to rape and genocide, millions of Bangladeshi refugees poured into India.
For much of 1971, Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) was engaged in a war for independence. ITHACA – It feels strange to have known a country since its birth.
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